C++ Tutorials

An Enum in C++ represents a set of named integral constants. Enums enhance readability (no more magic numbers) and make switches and state machines safer and more expressive. 1. Unscoped enum The classic C++ enum is unscoped: its names are introduced into the surrounding scope and implicitly convert to int. This is convenient but can … Read more

Structures in C++ (the struct type) let you group related variables into a single user-defined type. They make programs more readable and maintainable by bundling data that logically belongs together. 🔹 Defining and Using a struct A struct can contain multiple fields (members) of different types. You can declare variables of that struct and access … Read more

Mastering New and delete in C++ gives control over memory lifetimes and sizes at runtime. This article explains single-object and array allocation, error handling, best practices, and safe patterns— with clear examples and challenges to build confidence. 🔹 Why Dynamic Memory (Runtime Allocation)? Dynamic allocation is used when the size or lifetime of data isn’t … Read more

Understanding Reference in C++ is essential for writing clean, expressive, and efficient code. A reference acts like an alias to an existing variable—meaning it’s another name for the same object. References simplify function parameters, avoid unnecessary copies, and help write safer code compared to raw pointers. 🔹 What is a Reference in C++? A reference … Read more

Learning Pointers in C++ is a milestone for any beginner. Pointers let programs work directly with memory: storing addresses, accessing values by reference, and enabling efficient array handling, dynamic memory, and low‑level optimizations. This detailed guide explains what pointers are, how to use them safely, and where they shine—using simple code examples, outputs, and engaging … Read more

A two-dimensional array in C++ represents data in a grid (rows and columns). It’s perfect for tables, matrices, game boards, or pixel maps. Understanding different ways to declare and initialize 2D arrays will make working with structured data much easier in C++. 🔹 What is a 2D Array in C++? A 2D array is an … Read more

When storing a list of related values—like daily temperatures or exam scores—the array in C++ is the simplest structure to use. A one-dimensional (1D) array is a fixed-size list of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory. For beginners, learning 1D arrays is a crucial step toward mastering data handling in … Read more

In C++, understanding where your variables can be used and how long they exist is fundamental to writing clean, bug-free code. These two concepts are known as scope and lifetime. For beginners, grasping the rules of SCOPE in C++ is a major step toward preventing common errors like “undeclared identifier” and managing your program’s memory … Read more

In C++, we often want to perform a similar action on different types of data. For example, you might want to add two integers, or you might want to add two decimal numbers. Instead of creating functions with slightly different names like addIntegers() and addDoubles(), C++ offers a more elegant solution: function overloading. This powerful … Read more

Functions in C++ are one of the most important and powerful concepts. They are the fundamental building blocks of a well-structured program, allowing you to break down complex problems into smaller, reusable, and more manageable pieces. For any beginner, learning how to define and use functions with parameters and return types is an essential step … Read more