Advanced

Volatile in C++ is a type qualifier that tells the compiler an object may change in ways it cannot see, so every read and write must be performed as written (no elision or caching in registers). It is useful for memory-mapped I/O and signal-handling, but it does not make code thread-safe or synchronize between threads. … Read more

move in C++ refers to move semantics and the std::move utility that let you transfer resources from one object to another instead of copying, enabling big performance wins for large or non-copyable objects. std::move doesn’t move by itself—it casts to an rvalue so a move constructor or move assignment can run. This beginner-friendly guide explains … Read more

Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy in C++ determines whether a copy duplicates just pointers (sharing the same underlying resource) or also duplicates the pointed-to data (owning a separate resource). Mastering this concept prevents bugs like double-free, memory leaks, and unexpected aliasing in your programs. This beginner-friendly guide explains Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy in C++ … Read more

A Copy Constructor in C++ is a special constructor that creates a new object as a copy of an existing one, typically declared as ClassName(const ClassName& other). It is invoked on copy-initialization, when passing or returning objects by value, and in several other copying scenarios. This beginner-friendly guide explains the Copy Constructor in C++ with … Read more

Vtable in C++ is the runtime mechanism most compilers use to implement virtual functions and polymorphism. In this beginner-friendly guide, you’ll learn what a vtable is, how it connects to the hidden vptr inside objects, how virtual calls are dispatched, and what to watch out for—using clear code, outputs, and “Try it yourself” challenges after … Read more

STL in C++ (Standard Template Library) is a powerful collection of generic containers, iterators, algorithms, function objects, and utilities that help you write clean, fast, and reusable code. This beginner-friendly guide walks you through the essentials with commented code, outputs, and “Try it yourself” challenges after every section. 🔹 What is STL in C++? The … Read more

Exception Handling in C++ gives you a clean, structured way to detect errors, report them, and recover without crashing or scattering checks everywhere. In this guide, you’ll master try, catch, and throw with clear examples, outputs, best practices, and “Try it yourself” challenges after each section. 🔹 What is Exception Handling in C++? Exception Handling … Read more

Templates in C++ let you write type-safe, reusable code that the compiler specializes for the types you use, often with zero runtime overhead. This beginner-friendly guide covers function and class templates with clear examples, outputs, and “Try it yourself” challenges after each section. 🔹 What are Templates in C++? Templates in C++ enable generic programming: … Read more

A Virtual Destructor in C++ ensures that when you delete a derived object through a base-class pointer, both the derived and base destructors run in the correct order. This avoids leaks and undefined behavior in polymorphic class hierarchies. Think of a destructor as turning off the lights when leaving a building. In polymorphism, the building … Read more

Multiple Inheritance in C++ (Diamond Problem) happens when a class inherits from two parents sharing a common base, creating duplicate base subobjects and ambiguous member access. The correct fix is virtual inheritance (virtual public Base) and initializing the virtual base in the most-derived class. Welcome! This beginner-friendly guide explains Multiple Inheritance in C++ (Diamond Problem) … Read more